Are Most of The Errors Which EFL Learners Make Due to Interference from

Presentation It is usually accepted that where there are contrasts somewhere in the range of L1 and L2, the student's L1 will most likely meddle with the L2 (negative language move), while, when L1 and L2 are comparative, the L2 will help the L2 learning (positive language move) (Ellis, 1994). In this way, we will in general accept that the vast majority of the mistakes are record of negative exchange. This is halfway evident as indicated by numerous experimental investigations of blunders which have demonstrated that numerous mistakes are basic to various phonetic foundations. The L1 is, consequently, one of different wellsprings of mistakes, and there may be different reasons which ought to be thought of (Krashen, 1988). Ways to deal with Errors Blunders are made when students of L2 produce wrong language since they don't have the foggiest idea about the right structure, while botches are made when students produce inaccurate language despite the fact that they know the right structure (macmillandictionary.com). Students can address their own mix-ups, however by definition, they can not right blunders. Blunders are viewed as halfway securing of the objective language. Truth be told, blunders ought to be seen as "the tip of the iceberg" of a unique procedure of unknown dialect procurement (brj.asu.edu). Rather than rewarding the formative stages in students' language as blunders, it might be smarter to see these mistakes as fractional obtaining. This perspective and numerous others concerning mistakes, be that as it may, neither disregard nor disregard the positive and negative impact of L1 on L2...

Shaping Identity Using Social Structure

Presentation Social structure and social collaboration are fundamental in assessing a person’s personality. Personalities are simply the arrangements of implications individuals hold for themselves that characterize â€Å"what it means† to be who they are as people, as job tenants and as gathering individuals (PJB article) People are by and large affected by the standards and convictions of society. A person’s personality is shaped through a mix of variables got from social structure (macrosociology) and social association (microsociology).The self impacts society through the activities of people in this manner making gatherings, associations, systems, and organizations (PJB a soiciological way to deal with self and character). Equally, society impacts the self through its common language and implications that empower an individual to play the job of the other, participate in social cooperation, and think about oneself as an item. (PJB, a sociological way to deal with self and character). This paper investigates how parts of social structure can be more significant in molding an individual character than social interaction.PARAGRAPH 1 (Definitions& Context) Social structure alludes to the system that encompasses us, comprising of the connections of individuals and gatherings, which provides guidance to and sets restrains on conduct. (Social science, A Down to Earth Approach SDEA) K Plummer characterizes social structures as the examples of unsurprising human activities that group around key issues in living and they shift in all social orders. Social structure is surrounding us and is the thing that assists with directing our conduct and keep our life in order.It puts things in place for a person to carry on and act fittingly in various settings at various occasions. Social structure is comprised of culture, social class, economic wellbeing, jobs, gatherings and social foundations (SDEA). Social association is the way that individuals c ommunicate with each other (SDEA). As indicated by K Plummer, individuals connect ceaselessly in social activity and association with others †changing their own lives and others. We are never lone people and consistently rely upon others for a feeling of what our identity is (K Plummer).A person’s activity is impacted by the activities or attention to other people. Social communication incorporates generalizations, individual space, contacting, eye to eye connection, grinning, applied non-verbal communication, dramaturgy, job execution, strife and strain (SDEA). The distinction between social structure and social collaboration is that social structure gives a manual for regular day to day existence and social connection gives an importance of sense (ref)? Section 2 Social status alludes to a place that somebody possesses (SDEA). Statuses can be renowned or less esteemed and range from mother, girl, mate, legal counselor to criminal.Most people are found to possess a few statuses at the same time in this manner giving us the term ‘status set’(SDEA). For instance, an individual can assume the status of mother, spouse, worker and companion. Out of all the statuses we involve, there is one critical status that will in general supersede the various statuses one may possess, this is named as a ‘master status’ (SDEA). Status can be additionally partitioned into two kinds, ‘achieved status’ and ‘ascribed status’. To delineate ‘achieved status’, Usain Bolt is most popular for being the quickest man in the world.We consider him to be a multi year old Jamaican olympic style sports competitor, a child and sibling, however since the time winning both 100 meter and 200 meter races in the London 2012 Olympics, his accomplishments has earned him that title. ‘Achieved status’ can be both positive and negative (SDEA). Paradoxically, factors that are automatic and acquired, for example, rac e, sex, family social class, is known as ‘ascribed status’ (SDEA). These components are normally outside our ability to control. As life brings change, so too do our statuses. It is continually developing as indicated by changes and stages in life.Despite our situation, it is our status that directs our conduct. For example, a partner may go up to work one day subsequent to confronting a few challenges at home, anyway in a workplace, he would proceed to work and act in an expert way paying little heed to his own circumstances. What's more, people can likewise strengthen their personality by utilizing superficial points of interest in as a feature of their appearance. This can be as a work uniform to mean an occupation, or in a design sense, the sort of apparel worn is a quiet proclamation of what separates you from others.PARAGRAPH 3 As Linton states, â€Å"a individual holds a status, and plays out a role†. Basically, a status is a position and a job is a lot of practices. With every status, follows a specific job for us to partake in. Individuals will in general adjust to jobs, traveling through various jobs in familiarity as understudy, child, companion. Since individuals will in general have a wide range of statuses and in this manner, a wide range of jobs, strife once in a while happens among the different jobs. The idea of job strife is â€Å"conflict among the jobs associated with at least two statuses† (ref).A genuine case of job struggle lies in the working mother; she should assume the obligations of mothering the kids at home while assuming the duties of working outside the home, away from the youngsters, so as to acquire a pay (RR). This sort of contention includes jobs which emerge from discrete statuses, yet a similar kind of contention can happen from the jobs of a solitary status. Job strain, at that point, is â€Å"tension among the jobs associated with a solitary status†. An educator, for instance, can be wel l disposed with their understudies, however should stay objective in evaluating them.Roles help to keep our conduct adjusted to our specific status. Jobs are a basic part of social structure since they spread out what is anticipated from individuals. Job execution is the manner by which somebody plays out a job, demonstrating a specific ‘style’ or ‘personality’ (SDEA). Job execution permits us our own remarkable uniqueness to appear on the other side. Section 4 â€Å"Knowledge is power, data is freeing, training is the reason of progress in each general public in each family†. These well known words cited by Kofi Annan allude to a couple of social establishments that are a piece of social structure.Social instituitions comprise of family, religion, training, financial aspects, medication, legislative issues, law, science, military and broad communications (SDEA). Every one capacities independently yet together they empower society to keep up arrange and make a feeling of network. The broad communications impacts our mentalities toward social issues, the manners in which that we see others and even our self-idea (SDEA). Data in the media can be incredibly powerful, it can without much of a stretch adjust our observation on the off chance that we are not cautious or have almost no involvement with the subject of intrigue. They give data and entertainment as well as shape general sentiment and attitudes.The data and information which we collect through life from media is a piece of making a character for ourselves. To illustrate, smoking commercials have been around to advance mindfulness and informs us with respect to genuine wellbeing suggestions. Be that as it may, today’s youth may see it distinctively and participate in it due to peer pressure. Then again, media can likewise unite countries when there is a significant occasion, for example, the Olympics, question and answer sessions, etc (RR). The subject of religion i s another social foundation as it includes examples of convictions and conduct that help a general public meet its essential needs (steven Burkan).Emile Durkheim (1915/1947) [1] watched quite a while in the past that each general public has convictions about things that are powerful and sensational and convictions about things that are progressively handy and practical (Durkheim, E. (1947). The basic types of strict life (J. Lover, Trans. ). Glencoe, IL: Free Press. (Unique work distributed 1915)). Religion instructs us to rehearse a lifestyle that is satisfying for self as well as other people, in this manner empowering people to turn out to be better individuals. This can likewise make a significance of character for a few. The other social foundations, for example, training, governmental issues, law and the military keeps society safe and in order.They advise us regarding decides and guidelines so society can work and look after request. Every social foundation set up the setting which we live, molding our conduct and shading our considerations. (SDEA). Social foundations structure the mainstays of society, they are a lot of rules, yet markers for society to build up a character that is lined up with culture. End Which is progressively significant in molding singular character? Investigations of social structure endeavor to clarify the hugeness of molding one’s character and in mix assume a crucial job in characterizing an individual.It is the substance, which gives a method of comprehending what our identity is. This gives advancement to a character which people are installed in and consequently comprehended, conveyed, and imparted to others in culture. For instance, people can characterize their personality after gathering somebody just because by depicting what they do, where they are from or whether they are seeing someone. Social structure as should be obvious today can shape feelings, perspectives and thought which drives us to our conduct and therefore our personality.

Major Gods and Goddesses of the World

Significant Gods and Goddesses of the World In the antiquated world, most societies had numerous divine beings and goddesses. Common marvels like the sun, moon, thunder, and tempests had their own divinities who could be appealed to for help or offered forfeits so as to impact their conduct. Human occupations like fighting, chasing and creates had supporter divine beings and goddesses related with them. The phases of life, similar to labor and passing, were frequently thought to be under the security of explicit divine beings, goddesses, or spirits. The most natural of these for a large portion of us in the west are those that originated from the Greco-Roman fantasies, despite the fact that the divine beings and goddess of the copious Hindu pantheon are as yet venerated somewhere in the range of five centuries later. Quest for antiquated divine beings and goddesses in two different ways, by culture or sequentially, by the name of the particular god or goddess. Arrangements of Gods and Goddesses by Culture or Geographic AreaWho Is Your Favorite God or Goddess? Rundown of Individual Gods/Goddesses Alphabetically: - A - Agdistis or AngdistisAh PuchAhura MazdaAlberichAllahAmaterasuAnAnansiAnatAndvariAnsharAnuAphroditeApolloApsuAresArtemisAsclepiusAthenaAthiratAthtartAtlas - B - BaalBa XianBacchusBalderBastBellonaBergelmirBesBixia YuanjinBragiBrahmaBrigit - C - CamaxtliCeresCeridwenCernunnosChacChalchiuhtlicueCharunChemoshCheng-huangCybele - D - DagonDamkina (Dumkina)DavlinDawnDemeterDianaDi CangDionysus - E - EaElEnkiEnlilEosEponaEreskigal - F - FarbautiFenrirForsetiFortunaFreyaFreyrFrigg - G - GaiaGaneshaGangaGarudaGauriGebGeong SiGuanyin - H - HadesHanumanHathorHecate (Hekate)HeliosHeng-o (Chang-o)HephaestusHeraHermesHestiaHodHoderiHooriHorusHoteiHuitzilopochtliHsi-Wang-MuHygeia - I - InannaIntiIrisIshtarIsisIxtabIzanakiIzanami - J - JesusJunoJupiterJuturna - K - KagutsuchiKartikeyaKhepriKiKinguKinich AhauKisharKrishnaKuan-yinKukulcanKvasir - L - LakshmiLetoLizaLokiLughLuna - M - Magna MaterMaiaMardukMarsMazuMedbMercuryMimirMinervaMithrasMorriganMotMummuMuses - N - NammuNannaNanna (Norse)NanseNeithNemesisNephthysNeptuneNergalNinazuNinhurzagNintuNinurtaNjordNuguaNut - O - OdinOhkuninushiOhyamatsumiOrgelmirOsirisOstara - P - PanParvatiPhaethonPhoebePhoebus ApolloPilumnusPoseidon - Q - Quetzalcoatlâ - R - RamaReRhea - S - SabaziusSarasvatiSeleneShivaSeshatSeti (Set)ShamashShapsuShen YiShivaShuSi-Wang-MuSinSironaSolSuryaSusanoh - T - TawaretTefnutTezcatlipocaThanatosThorThothTiamatTlalocTianhouTonatiuhToyo-Uke-BimeTycheTyr - U - UtuUzume - V - VediovisVenusVestaVishnuVolturnusVulcan - X - XipeXi Wang-muXochipilliXochiquetzal - Y - YamYarikhYhwhYmirYu-huangYum Kimilâ - Z - Zeus More on Roman and Greek Mythology Greek MythologyAn prologue to and beginning stage for Greek fantasy. While the Romans adopted a large number of the Greek divine beings and goddesses, there were a lot of extraordinarily Roman divine beings, goddesses, and different spirits and numina. These are arrangements of the Romans divine beings partitioned into classifications. The Stories of Gods and MenMany of the old Greek fantasies recount anecdotes about human Greek legends helped by their divine beings. Divine beings, Goddesses, Other Immortals of Greek Mythology Moon Gods and Goddesses

Up in Arms About Middle School Essay Topics List?

Up in Arms About Middle School Essay Topics List? Whatever They Told You About Middle School Essay Topics List Is Dead Wrong...And Here's Why Think of one thing you're expected to learn in school that you don't think ought to be included in the curriculum. Middle school essay examples incorporate a selection of short essays like narrative, persuasive and analytical. The middle school essay format is easy and fairly simple to work with on each one of these styles. You don't need to lose grades because of incorrect essay format. Write an essay to convince your principal your idea is one that needs to be adopted. Select the period of life that you believe is best and compose an essay arguing why it's the very best time of life. It might be that you've been instructed on the kind of essay to write or, as an alternative, you might have been given free rein in regards to what styles to select. Given above are merely some of the actions to compose your very own argumentative essay. Ruthless Middle School Essay Topics List Strategies Exploited It is crucial to begin with demonstrating the most important idea of the entire piece so you and your readers are going to be on the exact page. Some people don't know the significance of this step, but it really is the most crucial step, so you will not derail from the key points. After discovering our website, you will no longer will need to bother friends and family with these kinds of requests. Examine the things happening around and ask yourself if there's someth ing you are especially interested in. What's Actually Happening with Middle School Essay Topics List Finally, there are the recommendations and conclusion section in which you expound on everything which you've learned. You have to discover good evidence to strengthen your ideas along with examples to illustrate the evidence. When you choose a topic, you should react to the query and after that substantiate your response with three or more motivations as to why you think like that. You may still choose from a broad assortment of different topics. The Middle School Essay Topics List Chronicles Writers will usually make the crucial revisions within one day. You should make sure that you select a topic which you find interesting and one that you are going to want to write about. Moreover, it can be helpful to select a fantastic topic to write about. The topic also needs to be unique. Such an essay can be on any topic whatsoever, provided that there's more than 1 side to the debate. When you locate a topic interesting, you normally will realize that you are able to write the paper a great deal easier. No matter the topic is that you pick for your argumentative essay below are some suggestions on how to start with the writing process. There are a few great topics to take into consideration when deciding on a topic for your argumentative essay. The list is really endless. If you've got the chance to choose, begin by picking a topic that is suitable for within the format you've been given. Various TV programs may be the field of debate. In the same way, the family that hid Anne almost experienced many modifications, though they were Christians. The idea of keeping animals in captivity appalls lots of adults. Quite often, individuals may say that war does not really change children's lives, particularly if they aren't living close to the war, or if their family isn't directly affected by it. Since you may see, war caused many children to need to change the ways they lived. Think of one school rule which you really dislike. The second is Mincha prayers that are provided in the afternoon and the last is Arvit that is given in the evening. It is by far the most popular because of how they're taught in school before the others. Even in the event the deadline is actually tight, feel free to get hold of our managers.

How Supreme Court Tie Votes Could Impact Major Cases

Beyond all the political ranker and rhetoric spurred by the death of Antonin Scalia, the absence of the strongly conservative justice could have a major impact on several key cases to be decided by the U.S. Supreme Court. Background Before Scalia’s death, the justices considered to be social conservatives held a 5-4 edge over those considered liberals, and many controversial cases were indeed decided in 5-4 votes. Now with Scalia’s absence, some especially high-profile cases pending before the Supreme Court may result in 4-4 tie votes. These cases deal with issues like access to abortion clinics; equal representation; religious liberty; and deportation of illegal immigrants. The possibility for tie votes will remain until a replacement for Scalia is nominated by President Obama and approved by the Senate. This means the Court will probably deliberate with only eight justices for the rest of its current 2015 term and well into the 2016 term, which starts in October 2106. While President Obama promised to fill Scalia’s vacancy as soon as possible, the fact that Republicans control the Senate is likely to make that a hard promise for him to keep. What Happens If the Vote is a Tie? There are no tie-breakers. In the event of tie vote by the Supreme Court, the rulings issued by the lower federal courts or state supreme courts are allowed to remain in effect as if the Supreme Court had never even considered the case. However, the rulings of the lower courts will have no â€Å"precedent setting† value, meaning they will not apply in other states as with Supreme Court decisions. The Supreme Court can also reconsider the case when it again has 9 justices. The Cases in Question The highest profile controversies and cases still to be decided by the Supreme Court, with or without a replacement for Justice Scalia, include: Religious Freedom: Birth Control Under Obamacare   In the case of Zubik v. Burwell, employees of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh objected to participating in any way with the birth control coverage provisions of the Affordable Care Act – Obamacare – claiming that being forced to do so would violate their First Amendment rights under the Religious Freedom Restoration Act. Prior to the Supreme Court’s decision to hear the case, seven circuit courts of appeals rule in favor of the federal government’s right to impose the requirements of Affordable Care Act on the employees. Should the Supreme Court arrive at a 4-4 decision, the rulings of the lower courts would remain in effect. Religious Freedom: Separation of Church and State In the case of Trinity Lutheran Church of Columbia, Inc. v. Pauley, a Lutheran church in Missouri applied for a state recycling program grant to build a children’s playground with a surface made from recycled tires. The State of Missouri denied the church’s application based on a provision of the state’s constitution stating, â€Å"no money shall ever be taken from the public treasury, directly or indirectly, in aid of any church, section or denomination of religion.† The church sued Missouri, claiming the action had violated its First and Fourteenth Amendment rights. The court of appeals dismissed the suit, thus upholding the state’s action. Abortion and Women’s Health Rights A Texas law enacted in 2013 required abortion clinics in that state to comply with the same standards as hospitals, including requiring the clinics’ doctors to have admitting privileges at hospital within 30 miles of the abortion clinic. Citing the law as the cause, several abortion clinics in the state have closed their doors. In the case of Whole Womans Health v. Hellerstedt, to be heard by the Supreme Court in March 2016, the plaintiffs argue that the 5th Circuit Court of Appeals was wrong in upholding the law. Based on his past decisions dealing with questions of the rights of the states in general and abortion specifically, Justice Scalia was expected to vote to uphold the lower court’s ruling. Update: In a major victory for  abortion rights supporters, the Supreme Court on June 27, 2016 rejected the Texas law regulating abortion clinics and practitioners in a 5-3 decision.   Immigration and Presidential Powers In 2014, President Obama issued an executive order that would allow more illegal immigrants to remain in the U.S. under the â€Å"deferred action† deportation program created in 2012, also by an Obama executive order. Ruling that Obama’s action violated the Administrative Procedure Act, the law loosely regulating the federal regulations, a federal judge in Texas barred the government from implementing the order. The judge’s ruling was then upheld by a three-judge panel of the 5th Circuit Court of Appeals. In the case of United States v. Texas, the White House is asking the Supreme Court to overturn the 5th Circuit panel’s decision. Justice Scalia was expected to vote to uphold the 5th Circuit’s decision, thus blocking the White House from implementing the order by a 5-4 vote. A 4-4 tie vote would have the same result. In this case, however, the Supreme Court might express its intention to reconsider the case after a ninth justice has been seated. Update: On June 23, 2016, the Supreme Court issue a split 4-4 â€Å"no-decision,† thus allowing the Texas court’s ruling to stand and blocking President Obama’s executive order on immigration from taking effect. The ruling could affect more than 4 million undocumented immigrants seeking to apply for the deferred action programs in order to stay in the United States. The one-sentence ruling issued by the Supreme Court simply read: â€Å"The judgment [of the lower court] is affirmed by an equally divided Court.† Equal Representation: ‘One Person, One Vote’ It may be a sleeper, but the case of Evenwel v. Abbott could affect the number of votes your state gets in Congress and thus the electoral college system. Under Article I, Section 2 of the Constitution, the number of seats allocated to each state in the House of Representatives is based on the â€Å"population† of the state or its congressional districts as counted in the most recent U.S. census. Shortly after each decennial census, Congress adjusts each state’s representation through a process called â€Å"apportionment.† In 1964, the Supreme Court’s landmark â€Å"one person, one vote† decision ordered the states to use generally equal populations in drawing the boundaries of their congressional districts. However, the court at the time failed to precisely define â€Å"population† as meaning all people, or only eligible voters. In the past, the term has been taken to mean the total number of people living in the state or district as counted by the census. In deciding the Evenwel v. Abbott case, the Supreme Court will be called on to more clearly define â€Å"population† for purposes of congressional representation. The plaintiffs in the case contend that the 2010 congressional redistricting plan adopted by the state of Texas violated their rights to equal representation under the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment. They claim that their rights to equal representation had been diluted because the state’s plan had counted everyone – not just eligible voters. As a result, claim the plaintiffs, eligible voters in some districts have more power than those in other districts. A three-judge panel of the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals held against the plaintiffs, finding that the Equal Protection Clause allows the states to apply total population when drawing their congressional districts. Once again, a 4-4 tie vote by the Supreme Court would allow the lower court’s decision to stand, but without affecting apportionment practices in other states.

Cyberbullying Is A Common Than Traditional Bullying Essay

What is Bullying? â€Å"Bullying is unwanted, aggressive behavior among school aged children that involves a real or perceived power imbalance† (Stopbullying.gov). Bullying can include making threats to someone to scare them, spreading false rumors about someone, attacking someone physically or verbally, and excluding someone from a group on purpose. The bullies, the ones who are bullied, and the bystanders are all victims, specifically teenagers. Females are more vulnerable to bullies because they are self-conscious and worry about their image too much. There is more drama between females than males. Bullying can be found in schools and on social media. Bullying on social media is also known as cyberbullying. â€Å"Cyberbullying is the deliberate and repeated harm inflicted through the use of cell phones/smartphone’s, computers/tablets, and other electronic devices† (Psychology Today). Cyberbullying is more common than traditional bullying because it is easier to make snide remarks about someone behind a screen instead of saying it to their face. A person can also hid behind a screen and make a fake account when harassing a person so no one will know it’s really them that is bullying. Cyberbullying is more dangerous because it can affect a person 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Cyberbullying doesn’t just happen outside the home like at school, it can affect a person even when they are at home because they can receive hurtful text messages, or see mean comments on social media likeShow MoreRelatedDoes Cyberbullying Have The Same Negative Effects On Traditional Bullying? Essay1613 Words   |  7 PagesLiterature Research Question Does cyberbullying have the same negative effects as traditional bullying? Thesis Statement Cyber Bullying has the same negative effects as Traditional Bullying. 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Write an Assignment on Biochemistry †Here Lecture Notes

Questions: 1. Glucose can be metabolised through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation to produce energy for the body in the form of ATP.a. Calculate the net number of ATP that can be generated from four (4) moles of glucose in the liver. Assume that this is occurring under optimal conditions. Show all workings.b. Would the same number of ATP be produced if the four molecules of glucose were being metabolised in the muscle tissue? How many ATP would be generated? Please explain.2. Diabetes mellitus is a chronic condition in which the levels of glucose in the blood are too high. Blood glucose levels are normally regulated by the hormone insulin, which is made by the -cells of the pancreas.a. Discuss why a person with diabetes mellitus might have fruity smelling breath.b. If they have elevated blood glucose levels, why is the body not able to use this glucose?c. Can a healthy individual produce ketones? Explain your answer.3. The metabolism of protein is influenced by wh ether the body is in a fed or fasted state. Prolonged fasting will also affect metabolism differently from the short fasting periods between meals.a. What is the typical metabolic fate of protein that has just been consumed?b. How does protein metabolism differ during fasting? Discuss how the metabolism of protein changes as fasting becomes more prolonged.c. Vegetarians and vegans are often encouraged to combine complementary sources of protein (e.g. legumes and grains) in a meal. Why might this be recommended?d. It is now thought that protein combining in one meal is no longer necessary, as long as complementary proteins are consumed at some time throughout the day. Why is this?4. The Citric Acid Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylationa. Discuss the importance of the citric acid cycle in macronutrient metabolism.b. Why is GTP considered to be the equivalent of ATP? c. Explain how one molecule of acetyl CoA entering the citric acid cycle produces 12 molecules of ATP in the liver (please show all workings) Answers: 1. (a): The complete metabolism of glucose includes its processing through phosphorylation in cytosolic glycolysis until oxidation in tricarboxylic acid cycle. The glucose molecule converted to glucose-6-phoshate consuming one molecule of ATP under the influence of enzyme hexokinase. The glucose-6- phosphate molecule further transforms to fructose-6-phosphate under the influence of phosphoglucoisomerase. Furthermore, fructose-6-phosphate consumes one ATP under the influence of phosphofructokinase to reveal fructose-1,6-biphosphatase and an ADP molecule. The fructose-1,6-biphosphatase metabolized to dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde phosphate by the mediation of aldolaze enzyme. The dihydroxyacetone phosphate transformed to glyceraldehyde phosphate, resulting in net production of its 2-molecules that further react with triose phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme to produce 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2-molecules) that assimilate with phosphoglycerokinase and 2 ADP to lead 3-phospho glycerate and two molecules of ATP. Indeed, both molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate combine with phosphoglyceromutase to produce 2 phosphoglycerate that further react with enolase enzyme to produce phosphoenolpyruvic acid (2 molecules) with the elimination of a water molecule. Finally, PEP associates with two molecules of ADP under the influence of pyruvate kinase to form pyruvate (2 molecules) with the production of 2 ATPs (Peet, 2013:p.396). The pyruvate further undergoes oxidation through TCA cycle and electron transport chain to yield 36 molecules of ATP for single mole of glucose. C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 36Pi + 36ADP + 36H+ 6CO2 + 36ATP + 42H20 Therefore, 4-moles of glucose after complete aerobic oxidative metabolism in liver would produce approximately 144 (= 4 x 36) molecules of ATP. (b): The metabolism of glucose in muscle tissue follows the anaerobic glycolysis in context to the ATP production. The incomplete oxidation of glucose in muscle tissue leads to the formation of lactic acid under the influence of lactate dehydrogenase, resulting in the formation of 2 molecules of ATP from a single molecule of glucose (Lodish et al, 2000). Therefore, the net production of 8 ATP molecules (= 4 x 2) achieved from four molecules of glucose under the process of anaerobic metabolism of glucose in muscle tissue. 2. (a): The patients with diabetic ketoacidosis experience fruity smelling breath following lack of nourishment and episodes of abdominal pain and vomiting. Indeed, the excessive vomiting in diabetic ketoacidosis results in removal of acetone, thereby resulting in fruity order indicating the defect in fatty metabolism (Springhouse, 2008:p. 54). (b): The diabetic patients with high blood glucose levels are unable to utilize the additional glucose due to the increased insulin resistance, thereby resulting in the episodes of hyperglycaemia (Ranson, 2007:p.191). Indeed, the increased production of glucose in liver cells attributes to the glucose intolerance by hepatocytes under the influence of impaired insulin metabolism and disrupted insulin sensitivity associated with the beta cells dysfunction (Goldstein Muller-Wieland, 2007:p.13-14). (c): The clinical literature reveals the formation of ketone bodies in healthy people with a concentration of 1 milligram per 100 millilitres in human blood (Satake 2003, pp. 316-317). This production of ketone bodies in trace amount is the normal physiological process in healthy individuals attributing to the production of acetoacetic acid and processing of tricarboxylic acid cycle. 3. (a): The immediate metabolic fate of protein based on its conversion to amino acids under the influence of pancreatic, gastric and hepatic enzymes, thereby resulting in the production of alpha-ketoacids attributing to the production of calories inside the human body. The evidence-based literature reveals the enhancement of protein synthesis and inconsistent patterns of protein degradation following the increase in protein uptake (Walsh Wright 1995:p.7). (b): The fasting state triggers the production of glucagon under the influence of protein kinase leading to glycogen catabolism and ATP production to antagonize the state of starvation. However, during prolonged starvation the intestinal, pancreatic and muscle proteins undergo gradual degradation for glucose production to meet the energy requirements of the body. (c): Vegetarians recommended adding complementary sources of proteins including nuts, grains and legumes in diet to ascertain the intake of essential amino acids required to accomplish the protein requirement of the body. (d): The intent of administering the complementary proteins follows the contention of supplying the essential amino acids through the foods that complement each other in context to accomplishing the requirement of all essential amino acids for the body tissues (Sizer et al, 2012:p. 208). The concept of mutual supplementation ensures the inclusion of protein rich supplements in food for generating complementary proteins, thereby avoiding the need to include single source of protein in one particular meal. 4. (a): The citric acid cycle attributes to the efficient metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids in human body resulting in the production of ATP for accomplishing the energy requirements of the body. (b): From the biochemical perspective, the molecules of GTP and ATP display different configuration; however, exhibit same energy content in their triphosphate groups as evidenced by the clinical literature. (c): The oxidation of NADH results in the production of 3 ATP molecules through the TCA cycle; however, FADH2 processing leads to the generation of 2 ATP molecules attributing to the consequent production of 12 ATP from the metabolism of single molecule of Acetyl CoA. References Goldstein, B Muller-Wieland, D 2007, Type 2 Diabetes: Principles and Practice, CRC, Florida Lodish, H, Berk, A Zipursky, SL 2000, Molecular Cell Biology (4th edn.), W. H. Freeman, NY Peet, A 2013, Marks' Basic Medical Biochemistry (4th edn.), Lippincott Williams Wilkins, Philadelphia Ranson, B 2007, Type 4 Diabetes: Elevated Insulin. Lower Blood Sugar. 24/7 Pain, BBG-Media, USA Satake, M 2003, Chemistry For Health Science (2nd edn.), Discovery, New Delhi Sizer, F, Whitney, E Piche L 2012, Nutrition: Concepts and Controversies (2nd edn.), Nelson Education, Toronto Springhouse 2008, Nursing Know-how: Evaluating signs symptoms, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, USA Walsh Wright 1995, Nitrogen Metabolism and Excretion, CRC, USA